Osteoporosis is a bone disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of the microarchitecture of bone tissue, leading to increased risk of fractures. It is often called a "silent disease" as there are usually no symptoms until a fracture occurs.
Some key facts about osteoporosis:
- It most commonly affects postmenopausal women due to declining levels of estrogen, but can occur in men and people of all ages
- Main risk factors are aging, family history, smoking, low calcium/vitamin D intake, and lack of exercise
- Fractures most often occur in the hip, spine, and wrist
- Screening is recommended for women >65 years using bone mineral density (BMD) testing
- Prevention focuses on adequate nutrition (calcium and vitamin D intake), weight-bearing exercise, not smoking, and some medications
Diagnosis is made using BMD testing, most commonly
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). This painless scan compares the patient's bone density to a healthy 30 year old adult. If significantly decreased, a diagnosis of osteoporosis or low bone mass may be made.
Treatment focuses on preventing further bone loss and fractures. This may include:
- Weight-bearing and muscle-strengthening exercises
- Adequate calcium (1200-1500 mg/day) and vitamin D (800-1000 IU/day) intake
- Quitting smoking
- Limiting alcohol
- Medications such as bisphosphonates or denosumab to slow bone loss
The key to managing osteoporosis is early detection and active prevention of bone loss. With proper treatment, most patients can maintain an active lifestyle and avoid debilitating fractures. Consult your doctor if you have risks factors or want to get screened. Small changes can have big impacts on bone health!